Kelly's Manx Grammar: Chapter 13

[From Manx Soc vol 2, Kelly's Manx Grammar]

CHAPTER XIII.

OF A VERB.

There are four sorts of Verbs, viz., the Active, and Passive, the Auxiliary, and Impersonal.

The Manks Verbs are for the most part formed of substantives of the same signification with them: as, ynsagh, learning, t'eh gynsagh, he learns; coayl, loss, t'eh coayl, he loses.

They have properly but three Tenses--the Present, Past, and Future; the rest are formed by the help of auxiliaries.

THE FORMING OF A REGULAR VERB ACTIVE.

The Indicative Mood, present tense, is always formed of the participle of the present tense and the auxiliary verb ta mee, to be. And indeed all the other tenses are frequently used in the participles only, particularly in discourse, joined with the auxiliary ta mee: as--

REGULAR VERBS.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular.	Plural.
Ta mee coayl, I lose, or am losing,	Ta shin coayl, we lose, or, &c.
T'ou coayl,thou losest, or art losing,	Ta shiu coayl, ye lose, or, &c.
T'eh coayl, he loseth, or is losing,	T'ad; coayl, they lose, &c.

Preterimperfect.

Singular.	Plural.
Chaill mee, I did lose,	Chaill shin, we lost, or did lose,
Chaill oo, thou lost, or didst lose,	Chaill shiu, ye lost, or did lose,
Chaill eh, he lost.	Chaill ad, they lost, &c.

Or :

Singular.	Plural.
Va mee coayl, I lost, or was losing,	Va shin coayl, we were losing,
V'ou coayl, thou lost, or wast losing,	Va shiu coayl, ye were losing,
V'eh coayl, he was losing.	V'ad coayl, they were losing.

This tense may be conjugated, by the help of the verb ren, from the irregular verb jannoo, to do, as--

Singular.	Plural.
Ren mee coayl, I lost, or did lose,	Ren shin coayl, we lost, &c.
Ren oo coayl, thou didst lose,	Ren shiu coayl, ye lost, &c.
Ren eh coayl, he lost.	Ren ad coayl, they lost, &c.

Preterperfect.

Singular.	Plural.
Ta mee er choayl, I have lost,	Ta shin er choayl, we have lost,
T'ou er choayl, thou hast lost,	Ta shiu er choayl, ye have lost,
T'eh er choayl, he hath lost.	T'ad er choayl, they have lost.

Preterpluperfect.

Singular.	Plural.
Va mee er choayl, I had lost,	Va shin er choayl, we had lost,
V'ou er choayl, thou hadst lost,	Va shiu er choayl, ye had lost,
V'eh er choayl, he had lost.	V'ad, er choayl, they had lost.

Future Tense.

Singular.	Plural.
Cailleeym, I shall or will lose,	Caillee mayd, or shin, we, &c.
Caillee oo, thou shalt or wilt lose,	Caillee shiu, ye, &c.
Caillee eh, he shall or will lose,	Caillee ad, they, &c.

When a relative is either expressed or understood, the persons of the future tense terminate in ys, and the nominative case is always set before the verb: as, mish loayrys rish, I am he that will speak to him; uss screeuys huggey, thou art he that shall write to him; eshin chaillys, he who shall lose.

If the verb begin with a mutable consonant, then shall it always be aspirated: as, yn fer chaillys, the man that shall lose; yn ven vlieaunys, &c., ny deiny ghuinnys, the men that shall wound. Which termination is common to both numbers.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Plural.	Singular.
Caill, lose thou.	Caill-jee, lose ye.

The third person of the Imperative Mood might, perhaps, be supplied from the future tense of the indicative.--

Plural.	Singular
Caillee eh, let him lose.	Caillee ad, let them lose.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

The Subjunctive Mood may be formed of auxiliaries and the verb compound foddym, to be able, without any change in the verb: as--

Present Tense.

Singular.	Plural.
Foddym coayl, I may lose,	Foddee shin, or mayd coayl, we, &c.
Foddee oo coayl, thou mayest, &c.	Foddee shiu coayl, ye may lose,
Foddee eh coayl, he may lose.	Foddee ad coayl, they may lose.

But this manner of formation is periphrastic; and, as the present tense of the Subjunctive Mood is never used but after the adverbs dy and ny, that and if, like the French que, that, the following seems to be the original and truest mode of formation:

Singular.	Plural.
Dy gaillyn, that I lose,	Dy gaill mayd, or shin, that we, &c.
Dy gaill oo, that thou lose,	Dy gaill shiu, that ye lose,
Dy gaill eh, that he lose.	Dy gaill ad, that they lose.

Preterimperfect.

Plural.	Singular.
Chaillin, I might, should, would, or could lose,	Chaillagh shin, we might, &c.
Chaillagh oo, thou mightest, &c.	Chaillagh shiu, ye might, &c.
Chaillagh eh, he might, &c.	Chaillagh ad, they might, &c.

Periphrastical Formation.

Plural.	Singular.
Yinnyn coayl, I might, &c., lose,	Yinnagh shin coayl, we, &c.
Yinnagh oo coayl, thou mightest, &c.	Yinnagh shiu coayl, ye, &c.
Yinnagh eh coayl, he might, &c.	Yinnagh ad coayl, they, &c.

This tense may be declined with lhisin, I should or ought, and oddin, I might, in the same manner.

Preterperfect and Preterpluperfect.

Singular.	Plural.
Veign er choayl, I had lost, or might have lost,	Veagh shin er choayl, we, &c.
Veagh oo er choayl, thou hadst lost, &c.	Veagh shiu er choayl, ye, &c.
Veagh eh er choayl, he had lost, &c.	Veagh ad er choayl, they, &c.

Future Tense.

This tense is formed as the present tense regular of the subjunctive mood.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

The Infinitive Mood is known commonly by the sign to, or by its following another verb in the same sentence without any nominative case between; and, though the verb stand unvaried as to itself, yet doth it admit of three tenses, viz., the present, the preter, and preterpluperfect tenses: as--

Present.--Dy choayl, to lose.
Preter.--T'ou gobbal dy vel mee er choayl eh, thou deniest that I have lost it.
Preterpluperfect.--Dob oo dy row mee er choayl, thou deniedst that I had lost.

PARTICIPLES.

Participle Present.--Coayl, losing.

The Participles of the preter and future tenses are formed by prefixing the particle er, after, to the preter, and er-chee, about, to the future.

Participle Preter.--Er choayl, having lost.
Future.--Er-chee coayl, about to lose.
Supine.--Caillit, lost.

The supines end in t or it, which form the participle of the passive voice, and which, with the auxiliary verb ta mee, to be, go through all the tenses: as, ta mee coayl (active), I lose; ta mee caillit (passive), I am lost.

In the conjugation of verbs, a negative much alters the initials; and, therefore, to every verb here conjugated the affirmatives and negatives follow.

The negative to the indicative and subjunctive moods is cha, not; and to the imperative, ny, not: as, cha gaillym, I will not lose; ny caill, lose thou not; cha gaillin, I would not lose.

Interrogative.--Chaill oo? did you lose?
Nagh chaill oo? did you not lose?
Affirmative.--Chaill mee, I did lose.
Negative.--Cha chaill mee, I did not lose.
Ny caill, lose not.

Screeu, to write, or writing.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Screeumee, I wrote,	Screeu shin, we wrote,
Screeu oo, thou didst write,	Screeu shiu, ye wrote,
Screeu eh, he wrote.	Screeu ad, they wrote.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Screeu-ym, I shall or will write,	Screeuee shin, we shall, &c., write,
Screeuee oo, thou shalt, &c., write,	Screeuee shiu, ye shall, &c., write,
Screeuee eh, he shall, &c., write.	Screeuee ad, they shall, &c., write.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.	Plural.
Screeu, write thou.	Screeu-jee, write ye.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Screeuin, I might or could write,	Screeuagh shin, we might, &c.
Screeuagh oo, thou mightest, &c.	Screeuagh shiu, ye might, &c.
Screeuagh eh, he might, &c.	Screeuagh ad, they might, &c.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.--Dy screeu, to write.
Supine.--Screeut, written.

PARTICIPLES.

Present.--Screeu, writing.
Preter.--Er-screeu, after writing, having written.
Future.--Er-chee screeu, about to write.
Interrogative.--Screeu oo? did you write?
Nagh screeu oo huggey? did you not write to him?
Affirmative.--Screeu mee, I did write.
Screeuym, I will write.
Negative.--Cha screeu me, I did not write.
Ny screeu, do not write.

Giu, to drink, or drinking.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Diu mee, I drank,	Diu shin, we drank,
Diu oo, thou drankest,	Diu shiu, ye drank,
Diu eh, he drank.	Diu ad, they drank.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Iu-ym, I shall or will drink,	Iuee mayd, or shin, we shall, &c.
Iuee oo, thou shalt or wilt drink,	Iuee shiu, ye shall, &c.
Iuee eh, he shall or will drink.	Iuee ad, they shall, &c.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.	Plural.
Iu, drink thou.	Iu-jee, drink ye.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Iuin, I might or could drink,	Iuagh shin, we might, &c.
Iuagh oo, thou mightest, &c.	Iuagh shiu, ye might, &c.
Iuagh eh, he might, &c.	Iuagh ad, they might, &c.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.--Dy iu, to drink.
Supine.--Iut, drunk.

PARTICIPLES.

Present.--Giu, drinking.
Preter.--Er n' iu, having drunk.
Future.--Er-chee giu, about to drink
Interrogative.--Diu oo? did you drink?
Nagh diu oo? did you not drink?
Cre iuys oo? what will you drink?
Affirmative.--D'iu mee, I drank.
Iu-ym, I will drink.
Negative.--Cha diu mee, I did not drink.
Cha n' iu-ym, I will not drink.
Ny iu, drink not.

Ginsh, to tell; or, telling.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Dinsh mee, I told;	Dinsh shin, we told;
Dinsh oo, thou toldest;	Dinsh shiu, ye told;
Dinsh eh, he told.	Dinsh ad, they told.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Inshym, I shall, or, will tell;	Inshee mayd, we shall, or, &c.;
Inshee oo, thou shalt, or, wilt tell;	Inshee shiu, ye shall, &c.
Inshee eh, he shall, or, will tell.	Inshee ad, they, &c.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.	Plural.
Insh, tell thou.	Insh-ee, tell ye.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Inshin, I might, or, could tell;	Inshagh shin, we might, &c.
Inshagh oo, thou mightest, &c.	Inshagh shiu, ye, &c.
Inshagh eh, he might, or, &c.	Inshagh ad, they, &c.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.--Dy insh, to tell.
Supine.--Inshit, told.

PARTICIPLES.

Present.--Ginsh, telling.
Preter.--Er n' insh, having told.
Future.--Er-chee n' insh, about to tell.
Interrogative.--Quoi dinsh dhyt? who told thee?
Nagh dinsh eh dhyt? did he not tell thee?
Affirmative.--Dinsh Juan dou, John told me.
Negative.--Cha dinsh eh dhyt, he did not tell thee.
Cha n' inshym dhyt, I will not tell thee.

Gimmeeaght, to go; or, going to depart.

Singular.	Plural.
Dimmee mee, I went, or, did go;	Dimmee shin, we went;
Dimmee oo, thou wentest;	Dimmee shiu, ye went;
Dimmee eh, he went.	Dimmee ad, they went.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Immeeym, I shall, or, will go;	Imme mayd, we shall, or, &c.
Immee oo, thou shalt, &c.	Immee shiu, ye shall, &c.
Immee eh, he shall, &c.	Immee ad, they shall, &c.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.	Plural.
Immee, go.	Immee-je, go ye.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Immeein, I might, or, could go;	Immagh shin, we might, or, &c.
Immagh oo, thou, &c.	Immagh shiu, ye might, &c.
Immagh eh, he might, &c.	Immagh ad, they might, &c.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.--Dy immeeaght, to go.
Supine.--Immit, gone.

PARTICIPLES.

Present.--Gimmeeaght, going.
Preter.--Er n'immeeaght, having gone.
Future.--Er-chee gimmeeaght, about to go.
Interrogative.--Vel oo gimmeeaght? are you going?
Nagh n'immee oo? will you not go?
Affirmative.--Ta mee gimmeeaght, I am going.
Negative.--Cha n' immeeym, I will not go.
Cha n' immayd, we will not go.

Kionnaghey, to buy; or, buying.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Chionnee mee, I bought, or did buy;	Chionnee shin, we bought, &c.
Chionnee oo, thou boughtest, &c.	Chionnee shiu, ye bought, &c.
Chionnee eh, he bought, &c.	Chionnee ad, they bought, &c.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Kionnee-ym, I shall, or, did buy;	Kionnee mayd, we shall, &c.
Kionnee oo, thou shalt, &c.	Kionnee shiu, ye shall, &c.
Kionnee eh, he shall, or will, &c.	Kionnee ad, they shall, &c.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.	Plural.
Kionnee, buy.	Kionnee-jee, buy ye.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Chionneein, I might, or could buy;	Chionnagh shin, we might, &c
Chionnagh oo, thou mightest, &c.	Chionnagh shiu, ye, &c.
Chionnagheh, he, &c.	Chionnagh ad, they, &c.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.--Dy chionnaghey, to buy.
Supine.--Kionnit, bought.

PARTICIPLES.

Present.--Kionnaghey, buying.
Preter.--Er chionnaghey, having bought.
Future.--Er-chee kionnaghey, about to buy.

Gymmyrkey, to bear, or carry, or behave.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Dymmyrk mee, I bore;	Dymmyrk shin, we bore;
Dymmyrk oo, thou borest;	Dymmyrk shiu, ye bore;
Dymmyrk eh, he bore.	Dymmyrk ad, they bore.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Ymmyrk-ym, I shall, or will bear;	Ymmyrkee mayd, or shin, we, &c.
Ymmyrkee oo, thou shalt, &c.	Ymmyrkee shiu, they shall, &c.
Ymmyrkee eh, he shall, &c.	Ymmyrkee ad, they shall, &c.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.	Plural.
Ymmyrk, bear.	Ymmyrk-jee, bear ye.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Ymmyrkin, I might, or could bear;	Ymmyrkagh shin, we might, &c.
Ymmyrkagh oo, thou, &c.	Ymmyrkagh shiu, ye might, &c.
Ymmyrkagh eh, he, &c.	Ymmyrkagh ad, they, &c.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.--Dy ymmyrkey, to bear.
Supine.--Ymmyrkit, borne.

PARTICIPLES.

Present.--Gymmyrkey, bearing.
Preter.--Er n' ymmyrkey, having borne.
Future.--Er-chee gymmyrkey, about to bear.

Goaill, to take; or, taking.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural
Ghow mee, I took, or did take;	Ghow shin, we took;
Ghow oo, thou didst take;	Ghow shiu, ye took;
Ghow eh, he did take.	Ghow ad, they took.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Gow-ym or goym, I shall, or, &c.;	Gowee mayd, we shall, or will, &c
Gowee oo, thou shalt, or wilt take;	Gowee shiu, ye shall, &c.
Gowee eh, he shall, or will take;	Gowee ad, they, &c.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.	Plural.
Gow, take.	Gow-jee, take ye.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Ghoïn, I might, or could take;	Ghoghe mayd, or shin, we, &c.
Ghoghe oo, thou mightest, &c.	Ghoghe shiu, ye might, &c.
Ghoghe eh, he might, &c.	Ghoghe ad, they might, &c.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.--Dy ghoaill, to take.
Supine.--Goit, taken.

PARTICIPLES.

Present.--Goaill, taking.
Preter.--Er ghoaill, having taken.
Future.--Er-chee goaill, about to take.

Many nouns, betokening the passions of the mind and body, are conjugated with the verb substantive ta mee, to be, put for have, as the verb sum for habeo in Latin.

EXAMPLES.

Fys, knowledge.

Present.

Singular.	Plural.
Ta fys aym, I know, or I have knowledge;	Ta fys ain, we know;
Ta fys ayd, thou knowest, or, &c.	Ta fys eu, ye, &c.
Ta fys echey, he knows, &c.	Ta fys oc, they, &c.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Va fys aym, I knew, &c.	Va fys ain, we, &c.
Va fys ayd, thou knewest, &c.	Va fys eu, ye knew;
Va fys echey, he knew, &c.	Va fys oc, they knew, &c.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Bee fys aym, I will know;	Bee fys ain, we shall, or will, &c.
Bee fys ayd, thou wilt know;	Bee fys eu, ye shall, &c.
Bee fys echey, he will know.	Bee fys oc, they shall, &c.

In like manner.

Graih, love.

Present.

Singular.	Plural.
Ta graih aym (er), I love (him);	Ta graih ain, we love;
Ta graih ayd, thou lovest;	Ta graih eu, ye love;
Ta graih eck, or echey, she or he loveth.	Ta graih oc, they love.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Va graih aym, I loved;	Va graih ain, we loved;
Va graih ayd, thou lovedst;	Va graih eu, ye loved;
Va graih echey, he loved.	Va graih oc, they loved.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Bee graih aym, I will love,	Bee graih aym, we will love,
Bee graih ayd, thou wilt love,	Bee graih ayd, ye will love,
Bee graih echey, he will love.	Bee graih oc, they will love.

This takes two participial pronouns: as, ta graih aym er, I love him; ta graih echey orrym, he loves me.

The adverb ersooyl, away, is used as a verb with the auxiliary ta mee, to be; as--

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Va mee ersooyl, I went, or was gone;	Va shin ersooyl, we, &c.
V'ou ersooyl, thou wentest, or wast gone;	Va shiu ersooyl, ye, &c.
V'eh ersooyl, he went, or was gone.	V'ad ersooyl, they, &c.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Bee 'm ersooyl, I will he gone;	Bee mayd ersooyl, we, &c.
Bee oo ersooyl, thou wilt be gone;	Bee shiu ersooyl, ye, &c.
Bee eh ersooyl, he will be gone.	Be ad ersooyl, they, &c.

IMPERATIVE

Singular.	Plural.
Ersooyl, away, begone.	Ersooyl-jee, be ye gone.

OF RECIPROCAL VERBS.

Reciprocal or Reflecting Verbs are common to this language as to the Hebrew, French, Irish, &c., and require two personal pronouns when the sense is turned by the auxiliary verb ta mee, to be; which is the most elegant and pointed expression. Nevertheless, the simple verb may be used alone, as in the following examples:--

Cadley, to sleep; or, sleeping.

Present.

Singular.	Plural.
Ta mee my chadley, I sleep, or do sleep, or am sleeping; or, ta mee cadley.	Ta shin nyn gadley, or ta shin cadley, or ny chadley, we sleep.
T'ou dty chadley, thou sleepest, or art sleeping; or, t'ou cadley.	Ta shiu nyn gadley, or ta shiu cadley, or ny chadley, ye sleep.
T'eh ny chadley, he sleepeth, or sleeps; or, t'eh cadley.	T'ad nyn gadley, or t'ad cadley, or ny chadley, they sleep.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Va mee my chadley, I was sleeping, or I slept; or, chaddil mee.	Va shin nyn &c.
V'ou dty &c.	Va shiu nyn &c.
V'eh ny &c.	T'ad nyn &c.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Bee'm my chadley, I will sleep, or be sleeping; or, cadlym.	Bee mayd nyn gadley &c.
Bee oo dty chadley, or cadlee oo, thou shalt, or wilt sleep.	Bee shiu nyn gadley &c.
Bee eh ny chadley, or cadlee eh, he shall, or will sleep.	Bee ad nyn gadley &c.

Interrogative.--Row oo dty chadley? were you asleep?
Vel oo dty chadley? are you asleep?
Affirmative.--Va mee my chadley, or chaddil mee, I slept.
Ta cadley orrym, I am sleepy.
Negative.--Cha vel mee my chadley, I am not asleep.
Cha chaddil mee, I did not sleep.
Cha gadlym, I will not sleep.

Shassoo, to stand; or, be standing.

Present.

Singular.	Plural.
Ta mee my hassoo, or ta mee shassoo, I stand, or am standing.	Ta shin nyn shassoo, or ny hassoo, or ta shin shassoo, we are standing, or do stand.
T'ou dty hassoo, or t'ou shassoo, thou standest, or art standing.	Ta shiu nyn shassoo, or ny hassoo, or shassoo, ye stand, &c.
T'eh ny hassoo, or t'eh shassoo, he standeth, or is standing.	T'ad nyn shassoo, or ny hassoo, or chassoo, they stand.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Va mee hassoo, or hass mee, I stood, or was standing.	Va shin nyn shassoo, or ny hassoo, or hass shin, &c.
V'ou dty hassoo, or hass oo, thou stoodest, &c.	Va shiu nyn shassoo, or ny hassoo, or hass shiu, &c.
V'eh ny hassoo, or hass eh, he stood, &c.	Va'd nyn shassoo, or ny hassoo, or hass ad, &c.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Bee'm my hassoo, or shassym, I will stand, &c.	Bee mayd nyn shassoo, or shassee mayd, we will stand.
Bee oo dty hassoo, or shassee oo, thou wilt stand.	Bee shiu nyn shassoo, or shassee shiu, ye will stand.
Bee eh ny hassoo, or shassee eh, he will stand.	Bee ad nyn shassoo, or shassee ad, they shall or will stand, &c.

Interrogative.--Row oo dty hassoo? Were you standing?
Vel eh ny hassoo? Is he standing?
Affirmative.--Va mee my hassoo, I was standing.
T'eh ny hassoo, he is standing.
Negative.--Cha row mee my hassoo, I was not standing.
Cha vel eh ny hassoo, he is not standing.
Cha shassym, I will not stand.
Ny shass, stand not.

MORE EXAMPLES.

Ta mee my hoie, I sit.

Interrogative.--Vel oo dty hoie? Do you sit?
Affirmative.--Ta mee my hoie, I sit.
Negative.--Cha vel mee my hoile, I do not sit.

Ta mee er my ghoostey, I am awake.

Interrogative.--Vel oo er dty ghoostey? Art thou awake?
Affirmative.--Va mee er my ghoostey, or ghooisht mee, I was awake, &c.
Negative.--Cha bee'm er my ghoostey, or cha dooishtym, I will not, &c.
Ny bee er dty ghoostey, or ny dooisht, don't awake.

Ta mee er my chosh, I am on foot.

Interrogative.--Vel oo er dty chosh? Are you on foot?
Affirmative.--Ta mee er my chosh, I am on foot.
Negative.--Cha vel mee er my chosh, I am not on foot.
Ny bee er dty chosh, be not on foot.

OF A VERB PASSIVE.

In Manks there is no Passive Voice; but in all parts of speech it is elegantly and expressively formed by the verb ta mee, to be, and the supine active, or participle passive.

The tenses are formed by the participle, which always ends in it or t, and serves throughout all the persons of both numbers with the verb substantive ta mee, to be.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular.	Plural.
Ta mee caillit, I am lost,	Ta shin caillit, we are lost,
T'ou caillit, thou art lost,	Ta shiu caillit, ye are lost,
T'eh caillit, he is lost.	T'ad caillit, they are lost.

Preterimperfect.

Singular.	Plural.
Va mee caillit, I was lost,	Va shin caillit, we were lost,
V'ou caillit, thou wast lost,	Va shiu caillit, ye were lost,
V'eh caillit, he was lost.	V'ad caillit, they were lost.

Preterperfect.

Singular.	Plural.
Ta mee er ve caillit, I have been lost,	Ta shin er ve caillit, we, &c.
T'ou er ve caillit, thou hast been, &c.	Ta shiu er ve caillit, ye, &c.
T'eh er ve caillit, he has been lost.	T'ad er ve caillit, they, &c.

Preterpluperfect.

Singular.	Plural.
Va mee er ve caillit, I had been lost,	Va shin er ve caillit, we had been lost,
V'ou er ve caillit, thou hadst been lost,	Va shiu er ve caillit, ye, &c.
V'eh er ve caillit, he had been lost,	V'ad er ve caillit, they, &c.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Bee'm caillit, I shall or will be lost,	Bee mayd caillit, we, &c.
Bee oo caillit, thou shalt, &c.	Bee shiu caillit, ye, &c.
Bee eh caillit, he shall, &c.	Bee ad caillit, they, &c.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.	Plural.
Bee caillit, be thou lost.	Beejee caillit, be ye lost.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular.	Plural.
Dy bee'm caillit, that I be (or may or can be) lost,	Dy bee mayd caillit, that we, &c.
Dy lee oo caillit, that thou be lost,	Dy bee shiu caillit, that ye, &c.
Dy lee eh caillit, that he be lost.	Dy bee ad caillit, that they, &c.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Veign er ve caillit, I had been, or I might have been lost,	Veagh shin er ve caillit, we, &c.
Veagh oo er ve caillit, thou, &c.	Veagh shiu er ve caillit, ye, &c.
Veagh eh er ve caillit, he, &c.	Veagh ad er ve caillit, they, &c.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.--Dy ve caillit, to be lost.
Participle.--Caillit, lost.

The preter and future tenses of the indicative mood are often very elegantly formed by the help of the irregular goll, to go: as--

Singular.	Plural.
Hie mee er coayl, I was lost,	Hie shin er coayl, we were lost,
Hie oo er coayl, thou was lost,	Hie shiu er coayl, ye were lost,
Hie eh er coayl, he was lost.	Hie ad er coayl, they were lost.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
H'em er coayl, I will be lost,	Hed, or hem mayd er coayl, we, &c.
H'eu er coayl, thou wilt be lost,	Hed shiu er coayl, ye, &c.
Hed eh er coayl, he will be lost.	Hed ad er coayl, they, &c.

IMPERSONALS are such as have no persons, except the third person singular only: as, keearagh, to grow night; cheeree eh, it grew night; keeree eh, it will grow night.

OF THE AUXILIARY VERBS.

There are no Auxiliary or Helping Verbs in the dead tongues--viz., the Greek, the Hebrew, and the Latin; but in all the living tongues there are--viz., the French, the Spanish, the Italian, the German, the Irish, &c., &c., except in the Portuguese.

The principal auxiliary verb is ta mee, to be, or, I am, which is used on all occasions, as the verb sum in Latin, as the verb être or sûis in French, and as taim in Irish; all of the like signification.

The other auxiliaries are vel mee, am I; foddym, I am able; saillym, I am willing; which are personals. She (it is), which is often substituted for ta mee, and sheign (must), are used impersonally, and always joined to a substantive: as, she mish t'ayn, it is I; sheign dhyt loayrt, thou must speak. Vel mee is used in asking or denying: as, Vel mee er ghra eh, as nagh vel mee er chooilleeney eh? Have I said it, and have I not performed it? Cha vel, you have not.

Row, was, is an auxiliary, and generally used in the past time, either to ask a question--as, Row fer erbee dy my laccal? Did any one want me? or, was anybody wanting me?--or else denies: as, Cha row, there did not, or was not. Sometimes it is added as an auxiliary to the auxiliary ta mee, as Va dooinney dy row, there was a man that was. It is also elegantly used, in supplicating or wishing, for the future tense--Shee dy row mârin! May peace be with us!

VERB SUBSTANTIVE, OR AUXILIARY VERB.

Ta mee, I am.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular.	Plural.
Ta mee, I am;	Ta shin, we are;
T'ou, or ta oo, thou art;	Ta shiu, ye are;
T'eh, or ta eh, he or it is; t'ee, she is.	T'ad, they are.

Preterimperfect.

Singular.	Plural.
Va mee, I was;	Va shin, we were;
V'ou, thou wast;	Va shiu, ye were;
V'eh, he was; V'ee, she was.	V'ad, they were.

Preterperfect.

Singular.	Plural.
Ta mee er ve, I have been;	Ta shin er ve, we have been;
T'ou er ve, thou hast been,	Ta shiu er ve, ye have been;
T'eh er ve, he has been; T'ee er ve, she has been.	T'ad er ve, they have been.

Preterpluperfect.

Singular.	Plural.
Va mee er ve, I had been;	Va shin er ve, we had been;
V'ou er ve, thou hadst been;	Va shiu er ve, ye had been;
V'eh er ve, he had been.	V'ad er ve, they had been.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Bee'm, I shall or will be;	Bee mayd, we shall or will be;
Bee oo, thou shalt or wilt be;	Bee shiu, ye shall or will be;
Bee eh, he shall or will be; Bee ee, she shall or will be.	Bee ad, they shall or will be.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.	Plural.
Bee, be thou.	Bee-jee, be ye.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Singular.	Plural.
My vee'm, if I be;	My vees mayd, if we be;
My vees oo, if thou be;	My vees shiu, if ye be;
My vees eh, if he be.	My vees ad, if they be.

Preterimperfect.

Singular.	Plural.
Veign, I might or could be;	Veagh shin, we might or could be;
Veagh oo, thou mightest or couldst be;	Veagh shiu, ye might or could be;
Veagh eh, he might or could be.	Veagh ad, they might or could be.

Preter and Preterpluperfect.

Singular.	Plural.
Veign er ve, I might have been, or had been;	Veagh shin er ve, we might have been;
Veagh oo er ve, thou mightest have been, &c.;	Veagh shiu er ve, ye might have been;
Veagh eh er ve, he might have been, &c.	Veagh ad er ve, they might have been.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.--Dy ve, to be. Part. pr.--(not applicable). Preter.--Er ve, having been. Future.--Er-chee ve, about to be.

EXAMPLES.

Ta mee Manninagh dooie,	I am a true-born Manksman.
Kys t'ou, or kys myr t'ou?	How do you do?
Ta mee er ve feer vie,	I have been very well.

RULE.

When ta mee is put for the English verb have (as when sum in Latin is put for habeo), the pronoun must be put in the genitive case, as--

Cha vel lioar aym, I have no book.
Ta argid ayd, you have money.

AUXILIARY VERBS.

Foddym, I am able.

Present Tense.

Singular.	Plural.
Foddym, I am able, or I may,	Foddee mayd, we are able, or may,
Foddee oo, thou art able, or mayest,	Foddee shiu, ye are able, or may,
Foddee eh, he may, or is able.	Foddee ad, they are able, or may.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Oddin, I might, or was able,	Oddagh shin, we were able, &c.
Oddagh oo, thou mightest, or wast able,	Oddagh shiu, ye were able, &c.
Oddagh eh, he might, or, &c.	Oddagh ad, they were able, &c.

The future tense is formed as the present; except when my, if, is expressed, or the relative understood, as--

Singular.	Plural.
My oddym, if I can, or will be able,	My oddys mayd, if we can, &c.
My oddys oo, if thou canst, or wilt be able,	My oddys shiu, if ye can, &c.
My oddys eh, if he can, or will be able.	My oddys ad, if they can, &c.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Dy vod, to be able.

AUXILIARY VERBS.

Saillym, or Baillym, I am willing.

Present.

Singular.	Plural.
Saillym, I am willing, or have a mind,	Saill mayd, we are willing,
Sailt, thou art willing, &c.	Sailliu, ye are willing,
Saillish, he is willing, &c.	Sailleu, they are willing.

Or,

Singular.	Plural.
Baillym, I am willing, or wish,	Baill mayd, we are willing,
Bailt, thou art willing, or wishest,	Bailliu, ye are willing,
Baillish, he is willing, or wishes.	Bailleu, they are willing.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Baillin, I was willing, or could wish,	Baillhien, we were willing,
Bailt, thou wast willing, &c.	Bailliu, ye were willing,
Baillish, he was willing, &c.	Bailleu, they were willing,

Baillin, I could wish, or, would to God that, is also expressed by the superlative adjective share, best, and the participial pronoun: as, Bare lhiam nagh beagh caggey erbee, I wish there was no war.

Sheeu, it is worth is an auxiliary impersonal: as, Sheeu eh argid, it is worth money; cha beeu eh veg, it is good for nothing.

Sloys, to dare, is also an impersonal, and governs a dative: as, Sloys dhyt goll? Dare you go? Cha bloys, I dare not.

S'lhiass, it needs, or, it must, is an impersonal auxiliary, and governs a dative: as, S'lhiass dou goll? Need I go? Cha lhiass dhyt, thou needest not.

RULE.

When an auxiliary verb is joined to another, the auxiliary and pronoun go through all the variation of person and number; but the verb continues invariably in the third person.

OF IRREGULAR VERBS.

These Irregulars are by far the most difficult part of the language; but that they are neither so many, nor the knowledge of them so difficult to be attained, as is generally represented, a very little attention to the following pages will sufficiently evince. These irregular verbs are--

Goll, to go.	Jannoo, to do.
Cheet, to come.	Geddyn, to get.
Coyrt, to give, to bear, or carry.	Clashtyn, to hear.
Gra, to say.	Fakin, to see.
Goaill, to take.

Quere. Roshtyn, to reach, arrive. Imperf. Raink, arrived.

Of the verb Goll, to go; or, going.

The indicative mood present tense of the irregulars is formed after the same manner as the regular verbs active--viz., by the participle present and the verb substantive ta mee, to be: as, ta mee goll, I go; t'ou goll, &c.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Hie mee, I went,	Hie shin, we went,
Hie oo, thou wentest,	Hie shiu, ye went,
Hie eh, he went.	Hie ad, they went.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Hedym, or hem, I shall or will go,	Hed mayd, or hemmayd, we, &c.
Hed oo, thou shalt or wilt go,	Hed shiu, ye shall or will go,
Hed eh, he shall or will go.	Hed ad, they shall or will go.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.	Plural.
Gow, go.	Hooin, let us go,
	Gow-jee, go ye.

This is the only verb we can recollect that has in itself the first person plural of the imperative mood.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Preterimperfect.

Singular.	Plural.
Raghin, I might or could go,	Ragh shin, we might, &c.
Ragh oo, thou mightest or couldst go,	Ragh shiu, ye might, &c.
Ragh eh, he might or could go.	Ragh ad, they might, &c.

Preter and Preterpluperfect.

Singular.	Plural.
Dy jagh mee, that I went or had gone,	Dy jagh shie, that we, &c.
Dy jagh oo, that thou wentest, &c.	Dy jagh shiu, that ye, &c.
Dy jagh eh, that he went, &c.	Dy jagh ad, that they, &c.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Dy jem, or dy jedym, that I go,	Dy jed mayd, or jemmayd, that we go,
Dy je'oo, or dy jed oo, that thou go,	Dy jed shiu, that ye go,
Dy jed eh, that he go, or shall go.	Dy jed ad, that they go.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.--Dy gholl, to go.
Supine (wanting).

PARTICIPLES.

Present.--Goll, going.
Preter.--Er-n' gholl, having gone.
Future.--Er-chee goll, about to go.

Cheet, to come.

Preterimperfect.

Singular.	Plural.
Haink mee, I came,	Haink shin, we came,
Haink oo, thou camest,	Haink shiu, ye came,
Haink eh, he came.	Haink ad, they came.

Preterperfect.

Singular.	Plural.
Ta mee er jeet, I have come,	Ta shin er jeet, we have come,
T'ou er jeet, thou hast come,	Ta shiu er jeet, ye have come,
T'eh er jeet, he hath come.	T'ad er jeet, they have come.

Preterpluperfect.

Singular.	Plural.
Va mee er jeet, I had come,	Va shin er jeet, we had come,
V'ou, &c.	&c.

Future.

Singular	Plural.
Higym, I shall or will come,	Hig mayd, we shall or will come,
Hig oo, thou shalt or wilt come,	Hig shiu, ye shall or will come,
Hig eh, he shall or will come.	Hig ad, they shall or will come.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.	Plural.
Tar, come thou.	Tar-jee, come ye.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Preter.

Singular	Plural.
Harrin, I might or could come,	Harragh shie, we might, &c.
Harragh oo, thou mightest, &c	Harragh shiu, ye might, &c.
Harragh eh, he might, &c.	Harragh ad, they might, &c.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.--Dy heet, to come.
Supine.--Cheet, come.

PARTICIPLES.

Present.--Cheet, coming.
Preter.--Er jeet, having come.
Future.--Er-chee cheet, about to come.

Jannoo, to do.

Preterimperfect.

Singular	Plural.
Ren mee, I did,	Ren mayd, we did,
Ren oo, thou didst,	Ren shiu, ye did,
Ren eh, he did.	Red ad, they did.

Preterperfect.

Singular	Plural.
Ta mee er n'yannoo, I have done,	Ta shin er n'yannoo, we have done,
T'ou er n'yannoo, thou hast done,	Ta shiu er n'yannoo, ye have done,
T'eh er n'yannoo, he hath done.	T'ad er n'yannoo, they have done.

Preterpluperfect.

Singular.	Plural.
Va mee er n'yannoo, I had done,	Va shin er n'yannoo we had done,
V'ou, &c.	&c.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Nee'm, I shall or will do,	Nee mayd:, we shall or will do,
Nee oo, thou shalt or wilt do,	Nee shiu, ye shall or will do,
Nee eh, he shall or will do.	Nee act, they shall or will do.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.	Plural.
Jean, do thou.	Jean-jee, do ye.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Yinnin, I might or could do,	Yinnagh shin, we might or could do,
Yinnagh oo, thou mightest, &c.	Yinnagh shiu, ye might or could do,
Yinnagh eh, he might, &c.	Yinnagh ad, they might or, &c.

The future tense of the indicative, when a question is asked, is Jean-ym? Will I do? Which is always answered by Nee'm, I will do.

Singular.	Plural.
Jean-ym? will I do?	Jean mayd? will we do?
Jean oo? wilt thou do?	Jean shiu? will ye do?
Jean eh? will he do?	Jean ad? will they do?

But if the negative cha, not, be added, it asketh no question: as, Cha jeanym, I will not do.

And the future tense of the subjunctive, having the adverb dy before it, asketh no question, and is thus conjugated:--

Singular.	Plural.
Dy jean-ym, that I will, or may, or can do,	Dy jean mayd, that we, &c.
Dy jean oo, that thou wilt do,	Dy jean shiu, that ye, &c.
Dy jean eh, that he will do.	Dy jean ad, that they, &c.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.--Dy yannoo, to do.
Supine.--Jeant, done.

PARTICIPLES.

Present.--Jannoo, doing.
Preter.--Er n'yannoo, having done.
Future.--Er-chee jannoo, about to do.
Interrogative.--Cre nee'm? what shall I do?
Cre yinnagh uss? what would you do?
Jean oo screeu huggey? will you write to him?
Negative.--Cha ren mee eh, I did not do it
Cha jean-ym eh, I won't do it.
Cha jinnin eh, I would not do it.
Affirmative.--Nee'm eh, I will do it.
Ta mee jannoo eh, I am doing it.

Feddyn, or Geddyn, to get.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Hooar mee, I got,	Hooar shin, we got,
Hooar oo, thou didst get,	Hooar shiu, ye got,
Hooar eh, he got.	Hooar ad, they got.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Yiow-ym, or yioym, I shall or will get,	Yiow mayd, we shall, &c.
Yiow oo, thou shalt or wilt get,	Yiow shiu, ye shall, &c.
Yiow eh, he shall or will get.	Yiow ad, they shall, &c.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.	Plural.
Fow, get.	Fow-jee, get ye.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Singular	Plural.
Yioïn, or yiowin, I might or could get,	Yiogh shin, we might, &c.
Yiogh oo, thou mightest, &c., get,	Yiogh shiu, ye might, &c.
Yiogh eh, he might or could get.	Yiogh ad, they might, &c.

With dy, that, it is formed thus:--

Singular.	Plural.
Dy voïn, or dy nowin, that I could get,	Dy vogh, or nogh mayd, that we could get,
Dy vogh, or nogh oo, that thou, &c.	Dy vogh, or nogh shiu, that ye, &c.
Dy vogh, or nogh eh, that he, &c.	Dy vogh, or nogh ad, that they, &c.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Dy voym, or dy noym, that I can get,	Dy vow mayd, that we, &c.
Dy vow oo, that thou mayest, wilt get,	Dy vow shiu, that ye, &c.
Dy vow eh, that he may get.	Dy vow ad, that they, &c.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.--Dy gheddyn, to get.
Supine.--Feddynit, gotten.

PARTICIPLES.

Present.--Geddyn, getting.
Preter.--Er gheddyn, having gotten.
Future.--Er-chee geddyn, about to get.
Interrogative.--Dooar oo? did you get?
Now-ym eh? shall I get it?
Vogh ad eh? would they get it?
Negative.--Cha dooar mee eh, I did not get it.
Cha now eh, thou shalt not get it.
Affirmative.--Hooar mee eh, I got it
Ta mee er n'gheddyn eh, I have got it.

Cur, or Coyrt, to bear, carry, or bring.

This verb is formed with the preposition lesh, with, changed into a pronoun; but, when it signifies es to give, it is formed without the pronoun; as is also cur-myner, to behold.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Hug mee lhiam, I carried, or brought,	Hug shin lhien, we carried,
Hug oo lhiat, thou carriedst, &c.	Hug shiu lhiu, ye carried,
Hug eh lesh, he carried or brought.	Hug ad lhieu, they carried.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Ver-ym lhiam, I will bring or carry,	Ver mayd lhien, we will, &c.
Ver oo lhiat, thou wilt bring or carry,	Ver shiu lhiu, ye will, &c.,
Ver eh lesh, he will carry or bring.	Ver ad lhieu, they will, &c.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.	Plural.
Cur lhiat, bring, or carry.	Cur-jee lhiu, bring, or carry, ye.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Verrin lhiam, I might or could bring,	Verragh shin lhien, we, &c.
Verragh oo lhiat, thou mightest, &c.	Verragh shiu lhiu, ye, &c.
Verragh eh lesh, he might, &c.	Verragh ad lhieu, they, &c.

With dy, that, or cha, not, it is formed--

Singular.	Plural.
Dy derrin lhiam, that I might or could bring,	Dy derragh shie, that we, &c.
Dy derragh oo lhiat, that thou, &c.	&c.

Or, it may be formed of the preter tense of the irregular verb jannoo, to do, as:--

Singular.	Plural.
Yinnin lhiam, I would bring,	Yinnagh shin lhien, we, &c.
Yinnagh oo lhiat, thou wouldst bring,	Yinnagh shiu lhiu, ye, &c.
Yinnagh eh lesh, he would bring.	Yinnagh ad lhieu, they, &c.

Future.

Dy derym lhiam, that I bring,

Dy der oo lhiat, that thou bring.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.--Dy choyrt, to give. Dy choyrt lesh, to carry.
Supine.--Coyrt, given. Currit lesh, brought.

PARTICIPLES.

Present.--Coyrt, or cur, giving.
Preter.--Er choyrt, or er chur, having given.
Future.--Er-chee coyrt, or cur, about to give.
Interrogative.--Dug oo lhiat yn lioar? did you bring the book?
Der oo lhiat eh? will you bring it?
Negative.--Cha der-ym lhiam eh, I won't bring it.
Cha derragh eh lesh eh, he would not bring it.

Gra, to say.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Dooyrt mee, I said,	Dooyrt shin, we said,
Dooyrt oo, thou saidst,	Dooyrt shiu, ye said,
Dooyrt eh, he said.	Dooyrt ad, they said.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Jir ym, I shall or will say,	Jir mayd, we shall or will say,
Jir oo, thou shalt or wilt say,	Jir shiu, ye shall or will say,
Jir eh, he shall or will say.	Jir ad, they shall or will say.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular	Plural.
Abbyr, speak.	Abbyr-jee, speak ye.

Abbyr was in general use among the ancients as a regular verb, as appears from some MSS., and the now only cant word, 'Nabbyr oo? Did you speak? for Anabbyr oo? And here let me lament the loss our language sustains by the want of this interrogative article an; for, in discourse or writing (except by a mark of interrogation, indeed), we cannot give the reader or the hearer, by order of the words, any idea of our request, whether it be a question or a positive assertion; as, for instance,--

Ver oo lhiat eh? will you bring it?

Ver oo lhiat eh, you will bring it;

whereas with the particle an, whether, your meaning would immediately appear; and then it would run thus:--

An ver oo lhiat eh? will you bring it?

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Preter.

Singular	Plural.
Yiarrin, I might, could, or would say,	Yiarragh shin, we, &c.
Yiarragh oo, thou mightest, &c.	Yiarragh shiu, ye, &c.
Yiarragh eh, he might, &c., say	Yiarragh ad, they, &c.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.--Dy ghra, to say.
Supine.--Grait, spoken.

PARTICIPLES.

Present.--Gra, saying.
Preter.--Er ghra, having said.
Future.--Er-chee gra, about to say.
Interrogative.--Cre 'nabbyr oo? what did you say?
Dooyrt oo y lheid? did you say the like?
Negative.--Cha dooyrt mee y lheid, I did not say the like.
Cha n'yiarrin eh, I would not say it.

Goaill, to take.

Preter

Singular	Plural.
Ghow mee, I took,	Ghow shin, we took,
Ghow oo, thou tookest,	Ghow shiu, ye took,
Ghow eh, he took.	Ghow act, they took.

Future.

Singular	Plural.
Gow ym, or goym, I shall or will take	Gowee mayd, we shall, &c.
Gowee oo, thou shalt or wilt take,	Gowee shiu, ye shall, &c.
Gowee eh, he shall or will take.	Gowee act, they shall, &c,

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular	Plural.
Gow, take thou.	Gow-jee, take ye.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Ghoïn, or ghowin, I might or could take,	Ghogh shin, we, &c.
Ghogh oo, thou mightest, &c., take,	Ghogh shiu, ye, &c.
Ghogh eh, he might or could take.	Ghogh ad, they, &c.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
My ghoy n, or ghow-ym, if I take,	My ghoys mayd, if we take,
My ghoys, or ghowys oo, if thou take,	My ghoys shiu, if ye take,
My ghoys eh, if he take, or will take.	My ghoys ad, if they take.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.--Dy ghoaill, to take.
Supine.--Goit, or gowit, taken.

PARTICIPLES.

Present.--Goaill, taking.
Preter.--Er n'ghoaill, having taken.
Future.--Er-chee goaill, about to take.
Interrogative.--Gogh oo eh? would you take it?
Gow oo shen? will you take that?
Negative.--Cha goïn eh, I would not take it.
Cha goym eh, I will not take it.

Clashtyn, to hear.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Cheayll mee, I heard,	Cheayll shin, we heard,
Cheayll oo, thou didst hear,	Cheayll shiu, ye heard,
Cheayll eh, he did hear.	Cheayll ad, they heard.

Or,

Singular.	Plural.
Chuin mee, I heard,	Chluin shin, we heard,
Chluin oo, thou heardest,	Chluin shiu, ye heard,
Chluin eh, he heard.	Chluin ad, they heard.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Cluinym, I shall or will hear,	Cluinee mayd, we shall, &c.
Cluinee oo, thou shalt or wilt hear,	Cluinee shiu, ye shall, &c.
Cluinee eh, he shall or will hear.	Cluinee ad, they shall, &c.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.	Plural.
Clasht, or cluin, hear thou.	Clasht-jee, hear ye.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Chluinin, I might or could hear,	Chluinagh shin, we, &c.
Chluinagh oo, thou might st, &c., hear,	Chluinagh shiu, ye, &c.
Chluinagh eh, he might or could hear.	Chluinagh ad, they, &c.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.--Dy chlashtyn, to hear.
Supine.--Cluinit, heard.

PARTICIPLES.

Present.--Clashtyn, hearing.
Preter.--Er chlashtyn, having heard.
Future.--Er-chee clashtyn, about to hear.
Interrogative.--Cheayll oo? did you hear?
Nagh geayll oo? did you not hear?
Chluin oo? did you hear?
Negative.--Cha geayll mee, I heard not.
Cha gluinym, I won't hear.
Cha gluinagh oo, you would not hear.

Fakin, to see.

Preter.

Singular.	Plural.
Honnick mee, I saw,	Honnick shin, we saw,
Honnick oo, thou sawest or didst see,	Honnick shiu, ye saw,
Honnick eh, he saw.	Honnick ad, they saw.

Future.

Singular.	Plural.
Heeym, I shall or will see,	Hee mayd, we shall or will see,
Hee oo, thou shalt or wilt see,	Hee shiu, ye shall or will see,
Hee eh, he shall or will see.	Hee ad, they shall or will see.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Singular.	Plural.
Faik, see thou.	Faik-jee, see ye.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Singular.	Plural.
Heein, I might, could, would, or should see,	Heeagh shie, we, &c.
Heeagh oo, thou mightest, &c., see,	Heeagh shiu, ye, &c.
Heeagh eh, he might, &c., see.	Heeagh ad, they, &c.

Or,

Singular.	Plural.
Dy vaikin, that I would, &c., see,	Dy vaikagh shin, that we, &c.
Dy vaikagh oo, that thou, &c.	Dy vaikagh shiu, that ye, &c.
Dy vaikagh eh, that he, &c.	Dy vaikagh ad, that they, &c.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.--Dy akin, to see.
Supine.--Fakinit, seen, Qu.

PARTICIPLES.

Present.--Fakin, seeing.
Preter.--Er vakin, having seen.
Future.--Er-chee fakin, about to see.
Interrogative.--Vaik oo eh? did you see it?
N'aikin eh? could I see it?
Negative.--Cha vaik mee eh, I did not see it.
Cha vaikagh oo eh, thou couldst not see it.
Cha vaik-ym eh, I shall not see it.




Any comments, errors or omissions gratefully received The Editor HTML Transcription © F.Coakley , 2001