[From Lancashire Worthies, 1874]

JAMES STANLEY SEVENTH EARL OF DERBY (part3)

Lord Derby's head thus fallen, the ruling powers had next to possess themselves of the Isle of Man, which, held by the Countess, was the only region in the three kingdoms where the Commonwealth was not recognised. A fortnight before the execution of the Earl, an expedition against the island had been resolved on and partly organised, respecting which there is extant this hurried note from the Lord-General Cromwell himself to Colonel Birch, Governor of Liverpool, and member for the same:-

'For the Honourable Colonel Birch, at Liverpool, these; -post haste.

SIR,-I do well assure you that before this I sent you an order to be assisting in the expedition against the Isle of Man, but hearing nothing from you I doubt whether my orders came to you. But now I thought fit to send this desire, that (Colonel Lilburne being employed another way) you would be assisting Colonel Dukinfield in this service, who is the Commander-in- chief.

" I rest your very loving friend,

Septr. 30 1651. O. CROMWELL."¹

The Lord-General's orders were obeyed, and before the end of October ten vessels, carrying Birch and Dukinfield with a military force, anchored in Ramsey Bay. The news of the expedition had roused the islanders to demand redress for an old grievance connected with their land tenures.

They placed their demands in the hands of William Christian, who was receiver-general of the island, and whom Lord Derby, before embarking for the mainland, had appointed commander of the insular militia. There is little doubt that Christian pleaded the cause of the malcontent islanders with Lady Derby, and procured her consent to their demands ; though otherwise his conduct to her seems to have been misrepresented. With the arrival of the Commonwealth-ships in Ramsey Bay, a deputation of the disaffected islanders waited upon the commanders of the expedition, and offered to submit if their lands and old liberties were secured to them. The Commonwealth-troops landed. Lady Derby and the commanders of the expeditionary force came to an agreement for the surrender of the island. The lordship of the Isle of Man was conferred on Fairfax, by whom Christian was reappointed receiver-general, and afterwards deputy-governor. We shall hear more of this Christian, whom Sir Walter, in " Peveril of the Peak," makes the brother-in-law of its Major Bridgenorth.

In the following December, Lady Derby seems to have obtained permission to go to England; but the first extant letter of hers written after the execution of her husband is dated the 26th of March 1652. As given in the translation of her recent lady-biographer, it is to this effect

DEAR SISTER,-In all my heavy trials I have desired nothing so much as the honour of your letters, which were so full of friendship for that unhappy one "-the Earl, her husband-" and of compassion for the misfortunes I have suffered, that, I confess, if my grief were not inconsolable, you would have relieved it But, alas ! dear sister, there is nothing left for me but to mourn and weep, since all my joy is in the grave. I look with astonishment at myself that I am still alive after so many misfortunes ; but God has been pleased to sustain me wonderfully, and I know that without His help I could never have survived all my miseries. To tell you all would be too distressing; but, in short, dear sister, I have endured all the sharpest sorrows that could be conceived. and they were announced to me by the destroyers of my happiness, with all imaginable particulars, to overwhelm me. It is in this that I have experienced the wonderful assistance of my God, that I did not despair as, humanly speaking, stronger minds than my own might have done ; but His providence supported me, and led me in my misery to adore His goodness towards me, and to magnify Him in my sorrow for the noble end of that glorious martyr "-her husband, of course-" who showed such wonderful constancy-nothing shaking him in the least but the thought of the wretched condition in which he foresaw I should be. In his letters he gave me far greater proofs of his affection than I had any right to expect, and his last request was that I would live, and take care of his children. This thought alone sustained me in my afflictions, for my son, the Earl of Derby "-Charles of the mesalliance-" does nothing to comfort me, both he and his wife showing great bitterness of feeling towards me. But this is the will of God, to wean me altogether from the world, and to show me its vanities. If I were not obliged for my children's sake to look after my affairs, which are in an uncertain state, I should no longer have any concern with the world. It is true that in one of their courts, after incredible trouble, I have succeeded in getting my marriage-contract allowed, which settled on me, besides my dowry, certain estates bought with my own money, which is all that I have for my five children. I must, how' ever, obtain the authorisation of another of their courts, in order to receive the revenue of the estates, and it is here that my enemies endeavour to prove me guilty ; if this should happen, it will be necessary to present a petition to parliament, which is a very difficult -tnd tedious thing. But I have reason to think that I shall obtain what I desire ; the most influential people tell me to hope. God has hitherto blessed my endeavours, and has given me both friends and means of subsistence ; for I have lost all my personal property, having had only 400 crowns' worth of silver plate allowed me to bring me here from the Isle of Man, and nothing more since that. You see, then, the unhappy condition to which my life is reduced. I wish to end it with you, but I cannot yet tell what will become of me. . . . If I could get the produce of what has already been granted to me, I should have the means of bringing up my children in a manner befitting their birth, my two youngest sons " — Edward and William — " being of great promise, healthy, tall, and well grown for their age, and studious, especially the younger, who, I think, will be a good scholar. If it please God to bless them and make them worthy of their father, they will doubtless feel how much honoured they are by their connection with so many virtuous persons."

In the next letter, the date of which is not given, she announces the welcome news of the engagement of her daughter Catherine to a wealthy nobleman, an old friend of her husband's : " I was very far from thinking of such a marriage in our poverty, or indeed of any marriage. The gentleman is the Marquis of Dorchester. He has been married before, but he has only two daughters. He is a Protestant, aged forty-four ; sensible, clever, accomplished, and rich, having fourteen thousand a year, his brothers and sisters provided for, and ready money in his purse. 'the best and highest alliances in England have been offered to him, and yet he has sought us out. I shall not be able to give her anything until my affairs are settled ; but this alliance will help us not a little. . . . I hope that God will provide as well for the others who are in my charge ; I know of nothing in them but what is good and agreeable. As for my eldest, I cannot say as much for him ; he is worse than the prodigal son ; and I often think of what that martyr, his father, said to me about him before he went to France, 'That he had no good opinion of him; for,' said that sainted soul, 'he has no shame for his faults, and I never saw him blush for anything that he did.' Alas ! I deluded myself; but his father knew him better than I did. There never was so malignant a nature as that woman's" - the de Rupa - "who has nothing good or pleasant about her."

The match made by the Lady Catherine did not, at first at least, turn out very well. Three months after her mar riage, her mother writes : "I have not made her so happy as I expected ; I was led to hope for better things; but what consoles me is that she behaves with admirable wisdom and patience and, certes, she is gaining an unexampled reputatior." It may as well be added here, that the Lady Henrietta Maria Stanley was married, in 1654, to the second Earl of Strafford ; a dull and worthy man, very unlike his great father; and that in 1659, the Lady Amelia "was made," according to her own statement, " the happiest creature alive" by marrying John second Earl and first Marquis of Athole, a very loyal nobleman, ancestor of the Duke of Athole that now is. When, in 1736, James tenth Earl of Derby died without heirs of his body, the lordship of the Isle of Man went to James second Duke of Athole, as only surviving descendant of the seventh Earl, and was afterwards bought up and cancelled, as it were, by an Act of Parliament, on payment of a due consideration.

The poverty of the Stanleys did not prevent them, it has been seen, from forming good alliances, and of the consideration in which the family was held, there is an interesting proof in a letter from Lady Derby to her sister-in-law, written in the May of 1654, after she had despatched her second son to join his relatives in France. " I send you," she writes, "in this dear child, one of the best parts of myself : I pray that God will bless him and make him acceptable to you. He is very anxious to please you, and I have commanded him to obey, reverence, and love you as he does myself He is gentle, and of a good disposition, brave but without pride, a very common vice of his nation. His valet de chambre is a gentleman whose father is so much attached to our poor family that he desires he should be with him, rather than in another position where he might have greater external advantages."

A year later, we find Lady Derby at Knowsley, driven thither from London by poverty, and a wish to "retrench." On the 1st of June 1655, she writes from Knowsley thus : " You may believe, dear sister, how changed I find everything in this place, never having been here since my troubles; and how cruelly it recalls to my mind my past happiness, and makes my present sorrow press more heavily than ever upon me. God, however, will not forsake me, but will strengthen me of His goodness. . . . As for my affairs; they are in so bad a state-my debts being so great-that I am obliged to live here, and to reduce my expenses to suit my poor condition, in order to pay them if possible." A few months later she writes : "I know not if you have heard of the Protector's last proclamation, in which new taxes are imposed on all those whose estates have been in the hands of the parliament, and who have paid large sums to recover them. I had hoped that in the poor condition to which it has pleased God to reduce me, and by not interfering in anything whatever but what regards my own little property, I should not be reckoned in that number; but I am assured that I am one of them, and everything I have in the world is mortgaged to pay my debts. The sum now demanded is the tenth part of the value of the estates, and the fifteenth part of the personal property; but I hope I shall not have to pay for more than I possess, which is next to nothing. The good God will not forsake me, as He bath had compassion on me in all my trouble." This was the time of the major-generals, and the ten-per-cent. income-tax upon Royalists. In the following extract of a letter from Lady Derby, written in November 1655, we catch a glimpse of that Lancashire Worthy of a previous memoir, Major General Worsley, dealing rather sternly with the Lady of Latham, and we hear of other and spiritual troubles : " I have been taxed on 8000 livres"-say £ 320-"more of rent than I receive. The major-general, the person who man. ages everything in the provinces where he is in command, would not listen to my agent, or to any one who like him had received the rents from the time that they were in the hands of the parliament. He asserted that I had great estates beyond the sea (as he expressed it), and many jewels and other imaginary things, and would hear nothing in my behalf, nor treat with any one who came from me. . . .

Everything, however, would be endurable if they had left us the free exercise of our religion ; but that is most strictly forbidden. It is the same religion as that professed in the time of Henry VIII. and of his daughter Mary, who made all suffer martyrdom who adhered to it ; and my mother believed it to be that of the primitive Church. She never failed to attend prayers, and had the English liturgy translated into French, and commanded me to conform to it, and to the administration of the sacraments ; as I have done, and will continue to do, with God's blessing, to the end ot my days. And it was one of the last wishes of my husband that his children should be brought up in this creed."

A few years more, and Lady Derby's troubles from Cromwell and his major-generals were over, but the Restoration did not prove the "Paradise Regained " which she had fancied that it would be. At first, however, and naturally, all was hope with her. On the 7th of May 1660, she writes thus to her sister-in-law, announcing the approaching return of Charles II. : " My son, Derby, has taken his place in the House of Peers, according to his rank. His younger brother has been elected to the other House, but with much opposition ; however, by the grace of God, he was successful. My second son is with the King, his master, who, they tell me, does him the honour of liking him, and I have the hope of seeing him soon, if I can, please God, make preparation for going to London. I should be already there if I could have found the means of accomplishing it, but my poverty is very great; yet I must make an effort, for the good of my children depends on it. You may believe that the sight of the great world and the joy therein will call up many and opposite thoughts, and the contemplation of my own misfortunes in the midst of so much happiness will revive very bitter recollections." A few weeks more and the King had actually returned, and Lady Derby had seen him, but things had not turned out quite so well as she expected. On the 16th of July she writes from London : " I have been here for six weeks, and the King has done me the honour to treat me with great kindness and sympathy in my heavy afflictions. Nothing, however, has yet been done for me. Such confusion prevails in the Court, and in public affairs, that it would require much more cleverness than I possess to see my way through all this disorder. The King is overwhelmed with business, and has promoted some who have not hitherto done him good service, and cannot, it seems to me, ever be of much use to him. I am sure it is agaiiist his own inclination, but his advisers think it is good policy to govern in this fashion. I hope that, after working so many miracles to bring his Majesty back to us, God will strengthen his throne, and give him areat grace to re-establish His Church, and deliver it from schism, of which it is now so full. . . . I am engaged, dear sister, in pursuing the pretended judges of Monsieur, my late husband, and I hope to have justice on them,which I do not desire so much for my own satisfaction as to show God's blessing on the King and his people, by the punishment of those who spilt that dear and innocent blood with so much cruelty. I have already made some progress in the matter, and I hope tomorrow to have this issue as I desire it. I leave all to God, and I shall at least have the consolation of having done my duty. Many who have undergone similar losses have followed my example."

Court-gossip forms the staple of the elderly Countess's letters to her sister-in-law after the glorious Restoration. Here and there a passage may be picked out of them, possessing greater or smaller personal interest ; as when, for instance, she records the arrival of Charles's widow, Henrietta Maria, with whose fate her own had some similarity I have to beg you a thousand pardons for not having told you before of the arrival of the Queen, which took place last Friday, to everybody's delight, with the acclamations of the whole nation. I saw her on her arrival and kissed her hand. She met me with much emotion, and received me with tears and great kindness. You may imagine what I felt. Her Majesty charms all who see her, and her courtesy cannot be enough praised." Greater still than this event was a visit from the King, in person, recorded thus : " I told you about my illness ; I can tell you now that I am better, thank God ! But it is not so much for that I trouble you, as to tell you the surprise I had last night. I had only my daughter Strafford with me when suddenly they told me the King was on the stairs, attended only by the Marquis of Ormond. He did me the honour of assuring me that he wished to take charge of my children and me, and he told me that that little matier was done which I spoke to you about; and that it was his own business which had prevented him from doing this honour before. It must be owned that he is the most charming prince in the world! I have not been to Court for a week or ten days, but I am going after dinner." In spite of this distinction, Lady Derby did not find her position much improved. Listen to her moralising on the wickedness of Cromwell and his associates, but forced to conclude with an avowal of her own unhappy plight. On the 3 I st of January 1661, she writes : " There was a fast yesterday in memory of the death of the late King, of glorious memory, which was observed throughout his Majesty's dominions. An Act of Parliament had been passed ordering that the bodies of Cromwell, Ireton, and Bradshaw should be disinterred the day before, dragged in a hurdle through the town, hanged on the common gibbet, and buried under it. Nothing makes me recognise so clearly the vanity of the world, and that we have no hope but in the fear of God. It will be said with reason, that it would have been better for this man "-Cromwell-" if he had never been born. All this wickedness, these murders, this Macchiavellian policy, have marked him and his family with eternal infamy. The thought that it is better to be poor and at peace with one's conscience, makes me patiently bear my miserable condition, and that of my children, for though this pension "-some pittance flung to the heroine of Latham-" will help me a little to live, yet, having received nothing for them but that, I do not know what will become of us. A great deal is promised, but the fulfilment is long in coming."² But nothing could shake the good old lady's loyalty. Describing the coronation of his most gracious Majesty, Charles II. : " as a very grand and imposing sight," she adds : " It is the last thing of the kind I shall see, and I have greatly desired to witness it, having prayed with tears to be permitted to behold this crown on the head of his Majesty. May he and his posterity long wear it, and may God accord to him and to us the grace of never forgetting His miraculous blessings.

In the course of a year or so, debt and difficulty drove poor Lady Derby once more from London to Knowsley. She had been promised the place of governess to the King's children, but as none arrived, she was fain to content herself with the good wishes of royalty. Speaking of her removal, she says, in one of her letters: "I was forced to it by absolute necessity, not having enough to support me, and being in continual misery about the payment of my debts.

All sorts of people refused to supply me with the most necessary things." Before her death, which befell at Knowsley on the 31st Of March, 1664, she had the small satisfaction of seeing one of her younger sons made a cornet in the Guards, and another " first and sole gentleman of the bed-cliamber "to the Duke of York, afterwards james Il. Her eldest son, Charles eighth Earl of Derby, behaved, according to her own account, very badly to her. Not long before she died, she wrote of him thus: " The Isle of Man was restored to my son Derby immediately after the arrival of the King. Monsieur, his late father, gave it to me for twenty-one years ; and my son, without saying a word to me, after I had helped him in prison, and maintained him and 'all his family, has treated me in this manner. Our friends advise me strongly to come to some agreernent by which I should have half the revenue. But I do not believe I shall get anything except by force. His wife "-that Delilah !-" is a person without a single good quality. What shocks me most of all in her is that she never speaks the truth, and that she makes her husband do things that are quite unworthy of him, which, however, I fear he is too much inclined to do; and I apprehend there will be complaints of him from the parliament, for not acting legally in his government of the province of Lancaster and Chester, having raised money and overtaxed the people; but I cannot help it, as I am quite a stranger to his proceedings. . . . As for that sword which has been restored to my son, I cannot tell what it means ; for Monsieur his father never had any carried before him in the Isle of Man. It is a piece of his wife's vanity to have it put in the Gazette." The Countess made her will in the May before her death, and, as has been already mentioned, she testified her sense of her eldest son's demerits by the one and the emphatic sentence devoted to him in it: " I give to my son, Charles Earl of Derby, five pounds." Sir Orlando Bridgman, it may be added, was one of her executors; the other was "John Rushworth, Esq.," the compiler of the Historical Collections.

" I had helped him in prison, and maintained him and all his family," it will have been seen in the foregoing extract, Lady Derby says of her eldest son. The reference is to what happened in the May of 1659, when, after the resignation of Richard Cromwell, Sir George Booth made in the North an unsuccessful rising for the King, this time with the aid, or, at least, with the sympathies, of Puritan Lancashire generally. He was joined by Charles Earl of Derby, " the boisterous merriment and profanity of whose men " were, according to the historian of Lancashire Puritanism, a stumbling--block and an offence to more godly brethren with whom they found themselves allied. The rising was quelled by Lambert, and Lord Derby was taken prisoner " in the habit of a serving-man," and thus surely effaced any suspicion of disloyalty which may have previously attached to him. After the Restoration, he was appointed Lord-Lieutenant both of Lancashire and Cheshire, and seems, according to his mother's account, to have carried matters with rather a high hand. Probably, however, she did not disapprove of his severity- clearly illegal-towards the William Christian who was Receiver-General of the Isle of Man when she surrendered it to the Commonwealth, and who was confirmed in the office by Fairfax. While filling the office, Christian became a defaulter, fled to the main land, and, after various vicissitudes, returned to the island in 1662, to take advantage, as he thought, of the general amnesty which followed the Restoration. Earl Charles, in his regal way, had Christian arrested, tried by a packed Court of Keys for having been at the head of an insurrection against the Countess of Derby in 1651, and shot to death he was in the January of 1663.1 His son appealed to the Privy Council, which condemned the sentence and execution, and the King himself is said to have been displeased with Lord Derby for his share in the transaction, though probably the displeasure was less at the severity of the act than because it was committed in disregard of the royal prerogative.

Earl Charles seems to have been a great enemy of Popery and Quakerism^*1, and wrote two pamphlets against them, both published anonymously. Some rather interesting anecdotes are told of him. When Bishop Wilkins (of lunar memory) preached at Knowsley one Sunday, sabbatically, on the observance of the Sabbath-after dinner, as if in practical refutation of the episcopal arguments, my lord " called for tables "-draughts-" to play with his guests." " It is due," says the historian of Lancashire Puritanism, "to the memory of Charles Earl of Derby, the son of James, who was beheaded at Bolton, to observe that instead of showing any disposition to avenge the death of his father upon the Nonconformists, he was rather disposed, as LordLieutenant of Lancashire, to protect them, and to execute the severe laws of which he was the reluctant minister with as much leniency and forbearance as possible." In the " Diary " of Henry Newcome is found honourable mention of several instances of the Earl's kindness to the Nonconformists. On one occasion, when his neighbour, Sir Roger Bradshaigh, complained to him of the conventicles which were held as near his residence as St Helen's, the Earl replied that if he was compelled to enforce the laws against the Presbyterians, he must with equal severity enforce them against the Papists, whom Sir Roger protected. On another, when the rector of Walton requested him to suppress a conventicle which was held at Toxteth Park, the Earl inquired what the people did at the conventicle. " Pray and preach," was the reply of the rector, who was not remarkable for his own attention to such duties. " Ah ! " said the Earl, " you neither pray nor preach yourself: you might thank others who pray and preach for you." Earl Charles died in 1672, and his memory was regarded by Puritanism with feelings curiously mixed. Oliver Heywood says of him: " The Earl of Derby is dead, having endured a long, pining disease. His body was opened, and the physicians found not one drop of blood in it, except a drop or two at his heart. It calls to my mind his commanding Mr Christian to be shot to death in the Isle of Man, upon his mother's instigation, for delivering the castle to the parliament many years before. This was upon the King's coming in, for which his Majesty frowned upon him. Christian's blood shed left no blood in a noble's body." After which odd bit of superstitious gossip, the honest Puritan adds . " There is a loss of him in Lancashire, as being a great bulwark against Papists." ⁴ His wife-" that Delilah ! "-died in 1703, in the odour of Protestant sanctity. The funeral sermon preached on her extols "her great care for the poor," and speaks of " the great number of families who subsisted only upon her charity." She not only clothed and fed the poor, it seems, but doctored them most successfully. " She restored great numbers to that health which they had in vain sought for elsewhere." Her own death is said to have been hastened by that of her lord.

All the estates of the Stanley family were formally confiscated by Act of Parliament before the execution of james the seventh Earl. Some of them, however-Knowsley and Lathom, for instance,-seem to have escaped actual sale ; while certain of Lady Derby's rights, acquired by her marriage settlement, were nominally respected. After the Restoration, therefore, a portion of the large domains of the family reverted to it, with the Isle of Man. An attempt was made by Earl Charles to recover the estates which had been sold under the Commonwealth by the agents of sequestration, without his consent. A bill to this effect passed the Lords under a protest from Clarendon (who never loved the Stanleys) and other peers, and, through his and their influence, it was dropped in the Commons.⁵ Thus the loyalty of the seventh earl sadly diminished the hereditary estates of the Earls of Derby, which, says Seacome⁶ " so reduced the said Earl Charles that he had scarce sufficient left to support the honour and dignity of his character. Insomuch," he adds, " that his eldest son and successor, Earl William, whom I had the honour to serve several years as household-steward, hath often told me that he possessed no estate in Lancashire, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Yorkshire, Cheshire, Warwickshire, and Wales, but whenever he viewed any of them he could see another near, or adjoining to, that he was in possession of, equal, or greater of value, lost by his grandfather for his loyalty and service to the Crown and his country."

Among the estates purchased from the agents of sequestration, without the consent, expressed or implied, of Earl Charles, was one to which some little interest attaches in our own time. Hawarden, in Flintshire, an estate of the Stanleys, was bought, after the execution of Earl James, from the agents of sequestration, by the notorious Serjeant Glyn (or Glynne), who served the Commonwealth with zeal ⁷ and with profit to himself Trimmer of trimmers, rat of rats, after having been Lord Chief justice during the Protectorate and one of Cromwell's peers, he managed matters so dexterously that he was taken into favour by Charles II., and died in 1666 Sir John Glyn, Knight, and his Majesty's Ancient Sericant.⁸ This was the Glyn who pressed the crown upon Oliver in an elaborate speech, which he actually republished after the Restoration, in proof of his royalism, with the title, "Monarchy asserted to be the Best, Most Ancient, and Legal Form of Government"! Hawarden belonged to a batch of domains expressly named in the bill of restitution, the fate of which has been already told.⁹ In the hands of Glyn, however, it remained, and was inherited by his descendants, in the possession of one of whom, Sir Stephen Glynne, Bart., it now is. Hawarden Castle, Flintshire, is the country-residence of the Right Hon. William E. Gladstone, married to a sister of this Sir Stephen Glynne-a fact rather curious to consider when it is remembered what has been the part played by the late and by the present Earl of Derby on the political stage of England in relation to that Right Honourable gentleman.

Footnotes

1 Raines, ii. cclx. Not in Carlyle's " Cromwell."

2 ' Madanie de Witt, p. 263. All the extracts in the text from Lady Derby's letters are furnished by Madame de Witt's volume. Of this one, however, there is also an English version in Raines, ii., cclxix.

3 William Christian has found a modern defender in the Rev. Mr Cumming, who is also a Stanley-worshipper.- (See The Great Stanley P. 255, &c., § " Illiam Dhone." There is an earlier and much ampler defence of him, with pieces justificatives, in the appendix to the Introduction to Sir Walter's Peveril of the Peak.. In the Introduction itself, Sir Walter makes the amende honorable for having, in his pleasant novel, represented the Huguenot Countess of Derby as a Roman Catholic.

4 Halley. ii. 237-8.

5 Raines, cclxxiv. vi. Thus there was a certain want of accuracy in the indignant inscription at Knowsley, said to be still extant there, as a memorialof the indignation of-so it runs, or ran-"James Earl of derby, Lord of Man and the Isles, grandson of James Earl of Derby, and of Charlotte, daughter of Claude, Due de la Tremoille, whose husband James was beheaded at Bolton, 15th October, 1652, for strenuously adhering to Charles II., who refused a bill passed unanimously by both Houses of Parliament, for restoring to the family the estates lost by his loyalty to him."

6 p. 208.

7 "Was not the King by proclamation,
Declared a rebel all o'er the nation ?
Did not the learned Glyn and Maynard,
To make good subjects traitors strain hard? "-Butler's Hudibras.

8 Lord Campbell's Lives of the Chief Justices (London, 1849), i. 435-43.

9 See Raines, ii. cclxxiii.-vi

[fpc]

*1 see RUILLICK-NY-QUAKERYN